Short Commentary on Othello Act 4 scene 1 lines 1-46 Essay Example

Short Commentary on Othello Act 4 scene 1 lines 1-46 Paper The initial scene of Act 4 in Othello succeeds one in which Othello starts to defy Desdemona about Cassio by means of the loss of her hanky. Baffled by her spouses weird new savage and desirous conduct, Desdemona, unconsciously, invests significantly more energy to help Cassio. She constantly beseeches that Othello gives him back his situation as official, if just so as to help her significant other to remember his regarded position among the general public, and when all is said in done, of his own feeling of respect and profound quality that she, as his better half, had consistently observed in and regarded of him. Act 4 Scene 1 opens up in media-res of a discussion occurring among Iago and Othello. This scene primarily acquaints with the crowd Iago as having increased full control, as we see Othello presently to be the one unknowingly rehashing after him. Using suggestion, symbolism and the topic of appearance versus reality, the crowd is persuaded of Iagos achievement and Othellos deterioration.â In this scene, the general topic of appearance versus the truth is a suggested however a repetitive and noteworthy one. Through Iagos character, Shakespeare analogizes materialistic/physical things to the principle esteems investigated in the play, effectively passing on to the crowd the significance of both, however on a more profound level, how Iago has the capacity both to block and control them in his demonstrations of twofold knavery. The cloth Othello provides for Desdemona, for instance, epitomizes his affection and trust for her, yet more profoundly his respect in her having acknowledged him, the field, the outsider. We will compose a custom paper test on Short Commentary on Othello Act 4 scene 1 lines 1-46 explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Short Commentary on Othello Act 4 scene 1 lines 1-46 explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Short Commentary on Othello Act 4 scene 1 lines 1-46 explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Along these lines, the loss of the cloth developed to get interchangeable with the loss of its worth, as is apparent from Othellos change in story structure, as it goes from a type of stanza to exposition. Moreover, Othello says, in line 35 on page 153, Handkerchiefconfessionshandkerchief! To admit and be hanged for this work. First to be hanged and afterward to admit. in writing structure, and Shakespeares utilization of it obliges Othellos utilization of chiasmus in his discourse. Amusingly, where chiasmus is utilized commonly as a gadget to verbalize parity or request inside a content, the utilization of it in Othello checks accurately the inverse. Through this Shakespeare passes on Othellos tangled perspective both intellectually and inwardly, and along these lines, Iagos accomplishment in his inspirations. Besides, in blending both the physical and non-physical things, Iago is additionally ready to draw differentiates between them, as, not at all like Desdemonas hanky, her respect is an embodiment that is not seen, in this way suggesting her misdirection to Othello. Similarly, the resonation of Iagos utilization of the word poison all through a few demonstrations mirrors his own trickery, as though he decided to name it all things considered. Toxic substance works gradually yet successfully a similar way Iagos misdirection took a shot at Othello. Be that as it may, on a more profound level, it likewise checks Iagos character improvement as his triumphs consistently quicken a greater amount of his plans and plans, while simultaneously debilitating Othello. In any case, it is the relationship between and a worth and an arousing physical activity, in an unapproved kiss in line 3, that encapsulates and definitively depicts Iagos complete control of Othello, that by joining estimations of notoriety and authority with adoration and feeling, Othellos shortcomings are utilized in Iagos power, leaving Othello to apparently fall to pieces. Taking everything into account, it is Shakespeares utilization of language and his effective verifiable depiction of subjects through characters that permits his crowd to open up themselves not just the genuine idea of the connections between the characters, yet in addition the supplementing and differentiating qualities and goals that definitely exist among them.

Great Gatsby is a tragic hero Essay

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby is an exemplary American disaster. The tale has all the essential components important to order a story as a catastrophe: a terrible legend, his character imperfection, and a touch of destiny which results in the hero’s extreme demolition. Jay Gatsby is the destined deplorable saint, blinded by his silly dream to remember the past. Destiny meddles as the sudden homicide of one character’s fancy woman by his better half. Every one of these aspects of the story meet up to cause the finish of Gatsby. All together for a character to be characterized as a grievous legend, he should be respectable in character. Jay Gatsby shows this in his dedication to Daisy Buchanan, whom he has been getting ready for a re-experience with for as long as 5 years. At the point when he at last winds up in her quality once more, â€Å"†¦there were twinkle-ringers of daylight in the room, he grinned like a meteorologist, similar to a delighted supporter of intermittent light†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He converses with Daisy, and significantly following 5 entire long stretches of building her up in his brain, he is still particularly infatuated with her. â€Å"†¦[After talking with her,] there was a change in Gatsby that was essentially jumbling. He actually shined; without a word or a motion of jubilee another prosperity emanated from him and filled the room.† He cherishes her, all that he does is for her, and there is no trademark more honorable than genuine romance and dedication. The very signification of a shocking legend is a respectable individual with a sad blemish which assists with realizing his destruction, and which may make the saint settle on poor choices. Mr. Gatsby’s character imperfection is his suffering fantasy about discovering Daisy, the lady he met and began to look all starry eyed at before he was sent to battle in World War I, and rejoining with her. At the point when they met, he was a poor no one and she was an individual from the old-cash first class, a match that the two of them knew couldn't in any way, shape or form work. Thus, despite the fact that he realized she was hitched, when Jay returned from the war, he gave his life to reevaluating himself to make himself adequate for her. â€Å"Out of the side of his eye Gatsby saw that the squares of the walkways truly shaped a stepping stool and mounted to a mystery place over the trees †he could move to it, on the off chance that he climbed alone, and once there he could suck on the pap of life, swallow down the unique milk of wonder.† Basically, his unadulterated, genuine affection for Daisy was strengthened with fixation and encased in assurance and enveloped by everything heâ could find to make it genuine once more. His adoration for Daisy exceeded any sort of reality to where he could no longer recognize actuality from fiction. â€Å"It had gone past her, past everything. He had dedicated himself completely to it with an innovative energy, adding to it constantly, decking it out with each splendid quill that floated his direction. No measure of fire or newness can challenge what a man will stockpile in his spooky heart.† Destiny, with the grievous blemish, assumes the chief job in the fixing of the hero. In The Great Gatsby, the turn of destiny is when Daisy, driving Gatsby’s vehicle with him in the front seat, hits and in a flash slaughters Myrtle Wilson, and in a frenzy escapes the scene, too shaken to even consider stopping the vehicle. Myrtle Wilson happens to be the lady who Daisy’s spouse tom has been going behind her back with, and Myrtle’s husband George Wilson observes the mishap. He sees his significant other executed by somebody driving Gatsby’s vehicle. He discover that the vehicle has a place with Gatsby, who he has never met, and accept that it was he who had so viciously and foolishly murdered his significant other. George, in a condition of misery stricken madness, kills Jay Gatsby in his own patio the exceptionally following day. It didn’t happen a second too early, either. The nature of Gatsby’s life had been falling apart at an exponential rate, amusingly, since his fantasy had worked out. Getting associated with Daisy now was upsetting his life †he had learned firsthand of the inadequacies of the lady he adored, had seen her shortcomings. It was destroying him inside that he had gone through a large portion of 10 years on something that would be generally unfavorable to him at long last. â€Å"†¦perhaps he did not mind anymore. On the off chance that that was genuine he more likely than not felt that he had lost the old warm world, followed through on a significant expense for a really long time with a solitary dream.† The storyteller guesses of Gatsby that, not long before his demise, â€Å"He probably gazed toward a new sky through alarming leaves and shuddered as he found what a bizarre thing a rose is and how crude the daylight was upon the barely made grass.† Gatsby’s goals were unadulterated, humble, honest, veritable, yet the energy of his interest conveyed him into inconvenience when he had to quit dreaming since his fantasy had become reality, a thing to which Gatsby had gotten not used to in the wake of envisioning for such a long time. When his fantasy tumbled into aâ brick divider and things were sent turning in disorder, there was not, at this point a spot for Jay Gatsby. He had come to have a place just with his fantasy, and was devoured by it. â€Å"†¦Gatsby turned out good toward the end; it is the thing that went after Gatsby, what foul residue skimmed in the wake he had always wanted that briefly finished off my enthusiasm for the failed distresses and short-winded delights of men.†

5 Common Guest Blogging Practices You Should Know

5 Common Guest Blogging Practices You Should Know Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!5 Common Guest Blogging Practices You Should KnowUpdated On 01/12/2017Author : Alia HaleyTopic : Blogging FeaturedShort URL : https://hbb.me/2BpJ1yp CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogBlogging is all about communicating your thoughts and opinions on a particular subject to readers and subscribers who are looking out for informative posts on the subject. It is a human to human communication, and bloggers have realized the immense value that networking among themselves carries. Guest blogging (being invited or hosted to write a guest post on another blog) is one of the ways in which bloggers are using their networks not only to promote new talent, but also to enhance their own subscriber base.If you are a new blogger, you can benefit by writing guest posts on other blogs. This will add to your reputation and drive traffic to your blog and help you build up a solid base of genuinely interested readers. Here are some steps that you can take to make optimum use of this method of blogging.1. Find blogs in your niche that accepts guest postsA simple way of doing this is by searching for your niche keywords along with the terms guest post on Google. You will have to sort through the results to come up with a list of blogs that are relevant to your industry or subject area that accept blog posts. Enter these blogs and their details into a spreadsheet so that you can track your submissions and live posting details.2. Start at the bottomDo not attempt to submit guest posts for the most popular blogs on your shortlist at the onset. Instead start with blogs that have a smaller readership. Hone your skills as a writer. As you have more and more of your posts published, you will not only be more confident, but also have greater credibility as you go on to write for the more popular blogs. HellBound Bloggers (HBB) also allows guest posts.3. Give it your bestGuest posts often get step-motherly treatment from writers since they feel it is not going to be on their own blogs. Never make this mistake. Write as if it were the most important post you will ever write. A guest post is like an advertisement for you, and it needs to showcase your best.READ8 Sureshot Benefits Of Blog Commenting4. Keep your links balancedOne of the ways that guest posts pay off is through the links you put into your post and your bio. Avoid cluttering up your post with links back to your blog. Instead restrict it to just one or two links to your site and remember to throw in a couple of links to pages on your host’s blog. This will establish you as generous and unbiased. This reputation will win your readers who might otherwise dismiss you as merely a self promoting writer.5. Set up an inclineAllow your blog to be the platform for other bloggers to do guest posts. By promoting others, you would have set up an incline, in a manner of speaking, and before you know it, i nstead of writing to blogs to do a guest post, you will have blogs inviting you to do posts for them.With these best practices under your belt, you are now ready to become a guest blogger of repute. You must keep in mind that becoming a popular blogger is the result of diligence and perseverance and that it would be immature to expect results overnight. Keep on posting high quality content. With each live guest post of yours that you see published, your confidence, skills and reputation will grow to a point where you will find yourself being counted among the bloggers that you look up to as role model today.Similar Useful Articles For Guest BloggersGuest Blogging: So Why Should You Care?6 Best PageRank 6 Blogs To Write Guest PostsYou Blog. Should You Guest Blog?5 Things To Follow To Be A Good Guest BloggerWhat Guest Posting On Blogs Is NOT AboutThis article is written by Alia Haley. She is a blogger who is in awe of technology and loves collecting them. Recently she is planning to w rite on space hotel.

A Practitioner Of Yoga - 1587 Words

Ã…Å¡U 1.15: Like oil in sesame seeds and butter in curds, like water in the river- bed and fire in the fire-drills, so, when one seeks it with truth and austerity, one grasps the self (Ä tman) in the body (Ä tman) - that all- pervading self, which is contained [in the body], like butter in milk. Ã…Å¡U 1.16: That is brahman, the highest objects of the teachings on hidden connections (Upaniá ¹ £ad), an object rooted in austerity and the knowledge of self. BhG 5.28: The sage whose highest path is release, whose sense, mind and insight are controlled, whose anger, fear and longing have†¦show more content†¦BhG 6.13: One is firm, unmoving, holding in the balance the head, the neck And body, looking at the tip of the nose, not looking in any other direction. YS 2.46: Posture should be steady and comfortable. Both, the Ã…Å¡U and BhG are very specific that the head, neck and trunk should be aligned. In contrast, YS is more general in the correct meditating posture description. One reason, as I proposed previously, for that could be that it was accustomed that the guru is present to demonstrate and teach the student the physical postures, or as Bryant suggests: ‘One could also suppose that other extant texts concerned themselves with the specifics of asana [posture].’ While numerous modern yoga traditions, especially in the West, accentuate the attainment of the physical posture as the highest aim of yoga, the old texts treat the physical posture as only a preparation to the body (physically and energetically) to serve the long meditation practice. As BryantShow MoreRelatedThe Between Yoga And Bodybuilding1172 Words   |  5 PagesYoga has many benefits, but few people consider the overlap that exists between yoga and bodybuilding. In truth, the two exercises are more closely connected than many people realize: Both practices focus on improving the human body and, while they might diverge, there are still plenty of exercises and benefits t o be found. 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Thus, far stress reduction seems to be the most proposed benefit associated with yoga therapy, even though time constraintsRead MoreStress And Its Effects On Health1442 Words   |  6 Pagesways to cope with stress in an appropriate manner and manage the demands of situations that are considered stressful. Yoga is an excellent example of a coping mechanism used to reduce the aversive effects of health. Yoga helps stimulates both the mind and the body in order to achieve a relaxed and positive emotional state, which in turn leads to better mental and physical health. 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They say theyve sought advice and care from practitioners who didnt use drugs. In doing so they found more relief than when they worked with medical doctors. Unfortunately, insurance

HND Business Human resource management - 5390 Words

Difference between Human Resources and Personnel management (1.1) Personnel Management Personnel Management is essentially an administrative record-keeping function, at the ground level. Personnel Management professionally manages employee’s activities for individual departments for example in Bhs you will have a personal manger for customer services. It is assumed that the outcomes from providing justice and achieving efficiency in the management of personnel activities will result ultimately in achieving organizational success. Human Resource Development – Human resource management is concerned with the Training, promotion development and implementation of people strategies, which are incorporated with business†¦show more content†¦Communication Restricted flow Increased flow 20. Job Design Division of Labour Teamwork AC1.2 The Role of Human Resource Management in Organizations Managers in the Human Resources profession have the essential job of organizing people so that they can effectively perform their job description. Human resources professionals work together to develop employees skills. For example, HR professionals advise managers and supervisors how to assign employees to different roles in the organization, thereby helping the organization adapt successfully to its environment. In a flexible organization, employees are shifted around to different business functions based on business priorities and employee preferences. Human resources professionals also suggest strategies for increasing employee commitment to the organization. This begins with using the recruiting process or matching employees with the right positions according to their qualifications. Human resources management team helps a business develop a competitive advantage, which involves building the ability of the company so it can offer a unique set of goods or services to its customers. They can do this by hiring the right individuals but it’s not just about hiring talent; it is about keeping people and helping them grow and stay committed over the long term. The Human resources team has to identify needs of the employees regarding career goals and workShow MoreRelatedHnd Subject in Nvq 51376 Words   |  6 Pages------------------------------------------------- HND in Business Awarding Body: Edexcel Level: Qcf Level-5 Course Description This course is designed to equip students with the knowledge, understanding and skills required for success in current and future employment or for progression to an undergraduate degree. 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The Ethics Of Socialized Healthcare - 1443 Words

My group had the ethical topic of socialized healthcare. As I am on the opposing side, my beliefs are that healthcare should not be mandated by the government. It should not be the taxpayers responsibility for paying for the healthcare of those Americans that can’t afford to purchase a healthcare plan. Instead, it should be the Churches responsibility to take care of those that are sick and in need. I believe that having the government force the rich to pay in not an ethical solution. Socialized medicine is what explains a universal system of healthcare. This would mean that medical assistance given, hospital stays, and any care received would be at a minor fee regulated by our government. The price would be determined on how much money is gained from taxes. This ethical debate began around 1947 when the American Medical Association was in encouragement for a universal healthcare system and the current President at the time, Harry S. Truman was opposed to the idea. This began a debate that has become ethical and tiresome in the United States. (Wikipedia 1) Until recently the healthcare debate had subsided. In March of 2010 Obama singed the Affordable healthcare Act. This gave those without healthcare an opportunity to receive care. When looking at this from a Biblical and Theological standpoint we also have to look at this from a deontological standpoint. Reasoning from a deontological standpoint says that the ends does not justify the means. Therefore, theShow MoreRelatedCultural Awareness And Delivery Of Appropriate Care1369 Words   |  6 Pagesethnicity as a child, I mainly identify with this group. Since their migration to various locations in New England; primarily throughout the late eighteen hundreds to early nineteen hundreds, French-Canadians have been recognized for their rigorous work ethics. Many immigrant men, women, and children worked in mills after relocating to the United States of America. The mills, predominantly textile in nature, which the immigrant families worked in presented safety dangers, and often placed workers at riskRead MoreCultural Awareness And Delivery Of Appropriate Care1392 Words   |  6 Pagesas a child, I mainly identify with this group. Since their migration to various locations in New England, primarily throughout the late eighteen hundreds and early nineteen hundreds, Franco Americans have been recognized for their rigorous work ethics. Many immigrant men, women, and children worked in mills after relocating to the United States of America. The mills, predominantly textile in nature, at which the immigrant families worked in presented safety dangers, and often placed workers atRead MoreCultural Awareness And Delivery Of Appropriate Care1388 Words   |  6 Pagesas a child, I mainly identify with this group. 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The issue of crisis in healthcare or ganizations is highly complex, and the researcher is mainly focused on unearthing the use of public relations in addressing the complex health crisis events in the United States’ current healthcare system and to offer recommendations for the

Ghosts 2 Essay Example For Students

Ghosts 2 Essay In his play â€Å"Ghosts†, Ibsen forces the reader to think about his own ideas and believes, as well as those of society and past ages. Symbolism is one technique repeatedly used to portray the author’s ideas through rain, light, fire, the orphanage, Oswald, and through Engstrand himself. The use of religion is also interesting in the way the town people and Pastor Mander uses it. There are many symbols present throughout Ibsen’s work. Rain is used as a symbol of the cleansing of evil and impurities. Outside of Mrs. Alving’s home it remains rainy and stormy until she faces the truth about her husband. The rain washes away the disguises so that the truth may be seen. Generally when this takes place the sun, another symbol, rises, revealing the reality of the situation. Mrs. Alving said, â€Å"And there we are, one and all, so pitifully afraid of the light† (271). All the characters are afraid to face reality, especially Mrs. Alving, represented by t he light. Fire is yet another symbol Ibsen uses. When Oswald comes downstairs with Alving’s pipe, he recalls an incident when he was given a pipe in his youth. Young Oswald smoked until he became sick. This is a foreshadowing of his illness, another sickness caused by careless actions. Another example of fire is seen when the orphanage, built in honor of Alving, is burned (287). The fire creates a symbolism that represents the truth, rising quickly and devouring all illusions. However, when the fire is extinguished, the fantasy world is up in smoke and all that remains are the painful ashes of the past. The orphanage is used as a subtle symbol for the illusion created by Mrs. Alving. The brothel, Captain Alving’s Home, symbolizes the reality of his life. In the end however, the truth is made known about both by the burning of the orphanage (287), and the brothel taking its place. These two actions illustrate the awakening from illusion to reality in the play. Oswald can also be seen as a main symbol. He is ignorant of the truth, giving him a false sense of innocence. He seems to have some power to stand up for his own beliefs, something his mother lacks. Oswald, is used to represent the truth of his situation which is hidden in is past. His illness and his wanting to die illustrate this idea. A final symbol used throughout the play is that of Engstrand. He represents society as a whole. Engstrand has a crippled leg; yet he says about his ethics he has â€Å"two good legs to stand on† (277). Society is very much like this. It seems to be solid and stable but has weak fo undations. Society will never completely heal or lose its flaws, nor will Engstrand. Religion plays a major role in the everyday lives of the townspeople. The members of this community do not have not have the same direct contact with their God as the members of the ancient Greek world, but reach their God through a divine person (Pastor Manders). In this way, the society presented is further away from the Holy Spirit, but closer to the priest. This gave the priest enormous power as he was a â€Å"Pathway to Heaven† for his congregation (265). This may be seen in Pastor Mander’s obsessions of how he is perceived by the people who entrust him. His power is illustrated during his discussion with Mrs. Alving over whether or not the orphanage should be insured or not. â€Å"You see! In town, we have a great many such people. Followers of other denominations. People might very easily come to the conclusion that neither you nor I have sufficient trust in the ordinance of the Higher Power† (254). The orphanage is to be raised in Captain Alving’s honor, yet it’s his own reputation which Manders is worried about. Mrs. Alving’s name is just mentioned to obscure the obvious reason for saying this. This illustrates how the church was used for personal achievements, and not only to reach divine sanctity. The common people’s conduct is also an important is also in important mirror in how the religion permeates the society in this drama. Mrs. Alving has been living on her own, unbounded from society and regulations. She has become a free-thinker, commonly reading books that are not sociably accepted. Manders response to this, reflects the attitude of the time by saying, â€Å"Remember the duty you owe to this orphanage which you decided to found at a time which your attitude towards spiritual matters was quite different from what it is now- as far as I can judge† (253). In the society Ibsen creates, it is not God’s role to judge, but that of Manders and the other members of society. .u46f185c25cddf4cce4bcfd1876dccbd9 , .u46f185c25cddf4cce4bcfd1876dccbd9 .postImageUrl , .u46f185c25cddf4cce4bcfd1876dccbd9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u46f185c25cddf4cce4bcfd1876dccbd9 , .u46f185c25cddf4cce4bcfd1876dccbd9:hover , .u46f185c25cddf4cce4bcfd1876dccbd9:visited , .u46f185c25cddf4cce4bcfd1876dccbd9:active { border:0!important; } .u46f185c25cddf4cce4bcfd1876dccbd9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u46f185c25cddf4cce4bcfd1876dccbd9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u46f185c25cddf4cce4bcfd1876dccbd9:active , .u46f185c25cddf4cce4bcfd1876dccbd9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u46f185c25cddf4cce4bcfd1876dccbd9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u46f185c25cddf4cce4bcfd1876dccbd9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u46f185c25cddf4cce4bcfd1876dccbd9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u46f185c25cddf4cce4bcfd1876dccbd9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u46f185c25cddf4cce4bcfd1876dccbd9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u46f185c25cddf4cce4bcfd1876dccbd9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u46f185c25cddf4cce4bcfd1876dccbd9 .u46f185c25cddf4cce4bcfd1876dccbd9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u46f185c25cddf4cce4bcfd1876dccbd9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Frees - The Catcher In The Rye Catcher Rye E EssayMany ideas are presented in Ibsen’s play â€Å"Ghosts.† The use of symbolism, such as rain, light, fire, and characters illustrate various concepts involved throughout the play. Religion, and the misconceptual use of it by Manders and society, also illustrates the unusual scenes painted by Ibsen within the play.

Book Review of the Bottom Billion Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It by Paul Collier

Introduction Going by the scholarly reviews that have been done on the book The Bottom Billion by Paul Collier and the numerous praiseworthy comments that have made on it; this book is undoubtedly a geographically-oriented economic masterpiece worth being given a serious reading.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Book Review of the Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It by Paul Collier specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Wolf (2007) of the venerated Financial Times, this book is indeed â€Å"a splendid book† which sheds light on the dark moral challenges that often impede the bottom billion countries from actualizing their economic goals. Stewart (2007) of the Guardian calls it an â€Å"important book† and rallies behind Collier who, in the book, calls for well-performing countries—especially those positioned in the western geographi cal hemisphere of the world—to use their resources in areas like technology to help uplifting the suffering countries. Stewart’s sentiments are echoed by Quinn (2008) who says that the book is a well written masterpiece talking of â€Å"a paradigm shift away from poverty alleviation as a goal of development†. All these strong opinions of the book, from authoritative sources duly qualify the book as an epitome of invaluable information on the nature of economies today (Reinert, 2011). Of course, like many other books, there have been a few scholars who have opined that some places in the book were a bit too obvious (like the nature of poverty in Africa) or exaggerated (like the role of western governments in helping in poverty alleviation). However, in one way or another, even these critics have confessed that, generally speaking, the book is an epitome of resourceful information. It is on the basis of such scholarly arguments that the expansive review, detailed below, is done. Book Summary Who is the author? As glimpsed in the introduction, the Bottom Billion was written by Paul Collier. According to the Centre for the Study of African economies (2010), Paul Collier is an astute Professor of Economics, a revered director for the Centre for the Study of African economies at Oxford University and a widely published author whose several books and articles numerous scholarly genres have received a good number of honorary accolades.Advertising Looking for book review on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, in 1988, he was prized with the Edgar Graham Book Prize for his worthwhile writings in the book Labour and poverty in rural Tanzania: Ujamaa and rural development in the United Republic of Tanzania. In 2008, the Bottom Billion deservedly â€Å"won the Lionel Gelber, Arthur Ross and Corine prizes† typifying how good the book was written (Centre for the Study of African economies, 2010). Even more importantly, between 1998 and 2003, he served as a director of the development research group of the World Bank where he was not only able to conduct many high-profile researches on the geographical nature of economic power across the world but he also accessed several factual statistics and proofs of poverty in the world. As will be explicatively detailed later, working in the World Bank greatly helped in getting valuable information which he later used to validate and support his arguments in the Bottom Billion. As of today, Paul Collier continues to serve his aforementioned roles while he occasionally writes for magazines and newspapers like the Independent, the New York Times, the Financial Times, the Washington Post and the Washington Journal. What is the book about? Essentially, the book talks about why impoverished countries continue to dwindle down in abject poverty despite the international aid and support that they get from wel l-off countries (Batabyal, 2008, p.507-510). In the book, Collier asserts that there is a continued widening gap between the rich and the poor—with a majority of countries being on the poor side of the equation. More specifically, Collier (2007, p.3-15) asserts that whereas most of 5 billion people in the developing world continue to get richer; there is another group of people (especially from Africa and Central Asia) who continually get poorer. This presents the need for fitting solutions to be found for these impoverished countries whose bad economic situation is worsening. In a large section of the book, Collier delves into talking about the root-causes of the problems being faced by these impoverished states. Once a firm background is laid on this issue, Collier then goes ahead and gives an expansive analysis of the effects of the eminent gap widening between the rich and the poor.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Book Review of the Bottom Bil lion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It by Paul Collier specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Towards the ending sections of the book, Collier recommends solutions—basing them on his researches as well as studies done by other scholars—and gives a limelight of what can be expected in the future (Da Cruz, 2009, p.201-204). So in summary, it can be said that Collier offers the cause, effects and solutions of people in impoverished countries—which makes his book well-balanced in terms of his content (Mueller, 2007, p.542-546). More importantly, he sends a distress signal to other scholars calling for help in poverty alleviation. As an answer to this call, a good number of scholars have commendably been able to follow in the footsteps of Collier by spotlighting other areas facing similar problems while intermittently offering solutions. Where does the book â€Å"fit† in literature? To a great extent, this book offered a lot of new insightful information into the nature of global poverty—highlighting trends and patterns in various geographical areas. However, taking a closer look at its content, one is bound to realize that the book offers some form of continuity to his previous works—which talked on global poverty and the economic situation in the world. O’Brien (2007) explicates this by saying that Collier’s ideas in this book relies greatly on previous researches that he did with fellow macroeconomic scholars like Anke Hoeffler. This, probably, is the reason why Collier’s ideas on issues like international conflicts, financial aids and the need for help in fragile states, largely, cite previous works done by the likes of Hoeffler (Stewart, 2007). Additionally, it is worth noting that, other than his close associates; the book also borrows heavily from past researchers and studies conducted by other macroeconomists. This is, especially, typified when Collier gives detailed narratives of past economic regimes witnessed in the 1960s and 1970s and the role that such regimes played in paving the way for the current state of affairs. For example, Collier (2007, p.10-30), details how factors like civil wars, colonization, globalization and technological advancements led to shifts in global power.Advertising Looking for book review on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result of such shifts, some countries—especially those in the west who were able to bountifully reap from events like colonization—found themselves in spheres of influence which have, to date, been used to exert control, influence and, occasionally, help to the rather powerless countries (Lipton, 2008, 750-760). Moreover, the book gives a detailed analysis of the present nature of economic events. To this regard, events like the 9/11 bombing is USA and the global impact it had, is also given. Additionally, the current eminence of global catastrophes like floods, diseases and droughts has also been given by Collier to explain the reasons behind the suffering of the bottom billion. Notably, around 2007 when the book was written, there was a looming danger of economic meltdown—which, as we now know, happened in 2008 in form of a global economic crisis. In the book, warnings of an economic down-surge happening, if urgent measures were not taken by the concerned parties, was blatantly give by Collier. It is, therefore, say to say that the book was not only presented valid and candid ideas but it was also written at a perfect time when clear-cut ways of reducing poverty and global economic solutions were direly needed (Quinn, 2008). Once he has detailed the current nature of events, Collier gives a rather prophetic insight of what might happen in the future depending on the positive or negative actions taken as an answer to the past and present nature of economic events across the world (O’Brien, 2007). It therefore goes without saying that, topping the fact that the book offers new economic insights; it admittedly plays a huge role in facilitating literary continuity. In other words, the book offers a connection between the nature of past, present and future nature of economic and geographic events that have shaped poverty across the world. In doing so, he has connected facts, opinions, arguments, notions and ideas from various scho lars—which, in effect, has also facilitated scholarly continuity. In a nutshell, the book is indeed a literary masterpiece—going by the way the author has fittingly joined various works of art to present his timely message to the world. The many follow-up literary works to support Collier’s ideas as well as the accolades the book has won, since it was written, attest to the book’s invaluable nature. What are the main arguments? In essence, several arguments with regards to the nature of poverty—especially in impoverished countries like New Guinea, East Timor and Solomon Islands—have been variably presented in the book. However, in summary, the plight of the bottom billon has been presented in four major categories, commonly termed by Collier as â€Å"traps.† These four traps are succinctly detailed below. Firstly, we have the conflict trap. Here, Collier (2007) states that the prevalence of global conflicts civil wars, coups and inter national acts of terrorism—like the 9/11 bombings—tend to incur large economic costs (p.35-40). For example, in the book, civil wars are estimated to average at a cost of $64 billion each. Resultantly, countries facing such wars are greatly affected economically. On the other hand, countries which openly or secretly support such wars by providing things like ammunition end up benefiting immensely at the expense of their counterparts. Additionally, such conflicts tend to take a long a long time and even after the war; more time is taken to resuscitate the countries to their initial economic position. This makes it very difficult for progress to be sustained—particularly in war-prone countries that go to war easily (Collier, 2007, p.37). A good example here is the Middle East. Secondly, we have the natural resource trap. On normal occasions, countries that lack natural resources are usually said to be more likely to face poverty. Of course this is true based on ex amples of countries in Africa which are not able to do much in alleviating their poverty levels (Collier, 2007, p.40-45). However, Collier presents an intriguingly paradoxical view on the presence of natural resources in a country. According to him, countries that are richly endowed with natural resources tend to find themselves in a worse economic trap than their counterparts. Collier (2007, p.38-53) attributes this paradox on the following reasons: The utilization of useful natural resources can easily lead to a situation whereby a country’s industries become less competitive based on currency valuation that might arise from revenue generated from the resource. The fight for having a lion’s share of the resources can easily lead to conflicts. In democratic countries, the availability of natural resources simply means that governments should not tax its citizen on products and services got from these resources. As a result, citizens are less likely to be keen on dema nding for important checks-and-balance procedures like accountability thus encouraging ills like corruption and misuse of resources—which are recipes for disasters. Thirdly, we have the landlocked with bad neighbors trap. According to Collier (2007, p.53-56), countries that face high poverty levels yet have well-off neighbors can easily find ways of surviving through their neighbors by borrowing or even learning from them. However, for countries that are poor and have poor neighbors, it becomes utterly impossible for any economic progress to take place since they cannot connect with the rest of the world or even learn since their neighbors are just like them. In addition, these poor landlocked countries tend not to have sufficient infrastructure that can help them market the little that they have to the rest of the world. This delinks them from getting any form of help from others thus further paralyzing the chances of progress. Several poor countries in Africa are alleged t o be victims of this trap. Fourthly, and lastly, we have the trap of bad governance in small countries. Principally, bad governance is a factor that affects both small and large countries. However, in small countries, the effect, according to Collier (2007, p.64-78), is bound to worse since the cost of living is normally low which scares-off potential investors. In effect, only the typical labor-intensive work—which is usually less paying—continues to go on while their â€Å"economic masters† enjoy spoils of their hard work. Notably, a large portion of the book explains the intricacies of these four traps detailing their effects and solutions. A critical analysis of these major arguments—particularly with regards to the proposed solutions and what other critics say about them—is given in the section below. Critical Analysis Argumentative and literary Critique of the Book In doing a critical analysis of this book, it is worth to preliminarily note t hat, in spite of stating that there 58 countries that constitute the bottom billion, Collier does not list them. According to him, this name calling and branding might offend the wrong people thus lead to unnecessary conflicts and wars—which are not the intentions of the book (Collier, 2007, p.7). Nevertheless, throughout the book, several countries are used to exemplify the nature of the bottom billion and the economic difficulties they face in their war against poverty. Remarkably, avoiding the giving of a list is duly commendable based on the much tension that was existent at the time the book was written. Any small issue like listing these countries could have easily led to conflict thus worsening the already bad situation at that time. Again, unlike most scholars who just point out problems and stop at that; Collier goes the extra mile and offers applicable recommendations and solutions to the aforementioned traps. For example, in solving the conflict trap, he points out stringent punitive measures should be put in place to punish those who fuel the occurrence of conflicts like civil wars. Additionally, he outlines the crucial role played by some media houses in such conflicts and recommends that, objective journalism should be encouraged so as to guide these media houses in the right path while concomitantly curbing them from overstepping their boundaries (Da Cruz, 2009, p.201-204). With regards to natural resource trap, Collier recommends that the practice of sharing resources should be encouraged across the world. In essence, at no point in time can one country can have everything. This lack, which is normal, can be solved by interrelations by various countries or even across various regions. The forming of the G-8, is given as a good example of positive influence that can be effected from interoperating with others and sharing resources (O’Brien, 2007). Regarding the trap of being landlocked with bad neighbors, the following solutions ar e given: Improvement of economic policies across regions starting from the grassroots of the society where abject poverty is normally eminent Facilitating the construction of proper infrastructure (especially in terms of transport and communication) so as to ease the flow of valuable information and economic resources across region, to be specific, and the world, at large Instituting economic regulations in terms of unchecked geographical endeavors like migration which, if not regulated can easily lead to increased poverty. Finally, with regards to bad governance in small countries, Collier suggests that changes should be primarily made in the governance so as to offer proper guidance to the people. Once this is done, the economic outlook of such countries can be changed through increased transparency standards being instituted, more governmental checks and balances being put in place, liaising with the rest of the world in the bid to get help in form of aids or even better educat ion that can help them develop on their own. Also, collier stresses that the mentality of overdependence on aids from well-off countries should be replaced with a culture that nurtures and encourages the growth of hard work. This way, such countries are able to survive on their own during crisis or in case their donors withdraw their support (Reinert, 2011). These solutions and recommendations presented have been able to greatly help in facilitating economic progress across the world while concurrently alleviating poverty. The GDP of some countries that had been reported as languishing in abject poverty have been able to, reportedly, improve. The wake-up call issued in the book, even to well-performing countries that had started being complacent of their economic strength, has also been able to yield fruits with positive competition being witnessed even in these well-off countries in their bid to perform better (Reinert, 2011). Nevertheless, as earlier mentioned, a good number of cr iticisms have been issued concerning this book. Examples of such criticisms include the following. According to Lipton (2008, 750-760), the book does not have bibliography, as professionally written books should. Instead, it has an incomprehensive list of research which does not clearly indicate sources of information and research detailed in the book. This makes it difficult for adequate follow-up to be done on the book’s contents. Again, the failure of clearly listing the bottom billion, as her later did in his book Wars, Guns and Votes once this had been criticized, is considered as cowardice. If he really wanted to prove his facts and nail his ideas appropriately, Lipton (2008, p.750-760) says that he should have given the bottom billion list. Finally, Collier’s criterion for defining the bottom billion based on their economic stagnation is considered by Lipton (2008, p.750-760) as not being utterly appropriate. In supporting his critique, Lipton says that even tho ugh the countries cited as the bottom billion did, actually, stagnate, a good number of them had respectable â€Å"annual GDP-per-head growth â€Å" between 1975 and 2005. Examples of countries given by Lipton include Equatorial Guinea, Laos, Myanmar, Uganda and Mozambique. Conclusion From the arguments presented herein, it is undeniably clear that the Bottom Billion avails crucial information that was not only relevant in 2007 when it was written but is even vital in solving some of the economic problems being faced today (Reinert, 2011). However, in the process of expressing the ideas in the book, some issues might have been overstated or overlooked thus leading to its criticism. Geographically, several crucial patterns, trends and mannerisms were noted in the book. In solving the nature of poverty in the book, Collier emphasized that apt geographical strategies and initiatives should be put in motion (Mueller, 2007, p.542-546). Commendably, a good number of such strategies are currently underway. Examples here include the realignment of poor landlocked countries such that they are able to interact with those that are developed, the formation of joint regional corporations or even the emphatic agenda placed to maximize the use of natural resources in certain geographical set-ups to help alleviate poverty (O’Brien, 2007). Such initiatives underscore the value of geography in the world. More studies of this kind should, thus, be conducted to not only help in poverty alleviation but also solve the many other problems being faced in the world today. References Batabyal, A. A. (2008). Why the poorest countries are falling and what can be done about it. Journal of Agricultural Environmental Ethics, 21 (5), 507-510. Center for the Study of African Economies. Professor Paul Collier. Web. Collier, P. (2007). The bottom billion: why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it. New York: Oxford University Press. Da Cruz, J. (2009). The bot tom billion. Journal of Third World Studies, 26 (1), 201-204. Lipton, M. (2008). Review article: bottom billion: countries or people? The Journal of Development Studies, 44 (5), 750-60 Mueller, S. (2007). The bottom billion. The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 40 (3), 542-546. O’Brien, T. (2007). The bottom billion: why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it: some insights for the Pacific? Web. Quinn, M. (2008). â€Å"The bottom billion: why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it† by Paul Collier.  Web. Reinert, E. S. (2011). The bottom billion: why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it.  Web. Stewart, H. (2007). Action will speak louder than words. Web. Wolf, M. (2007). How the bottom billion are trapped.  Web. This book review on Book Review of the Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It by Paul Collier was written and submitted by user Eleanor Freeman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on A Brief History Of Feminism

A Brief History of Feminism Feminism is difficult to define because every woman views feminism differently. â€Å"Generally speaking, feminism is a political, social, and cultural stance that is pro-woman† (Warhol, 1995). Feminists believe, among other things, in equal rights, opportunities and paychecks for men and women. Women are just as worthy and valuable as men and feminists want the world to know it. Before the 1920’s, women had virtually no rights. They could not vote, they could not own property and they were treated with little or no respect. Women were expected to stay at home and take care of their husbands and children. If a woman did choose to work outside of her home, there were few jobs to choose from. Most women worked as clerks, nurses, schoolteachers and other traditionally female occupations. Women began to grow very frustrated and they realized that something had to change. â€Å"Historically speaking, feminism has been associated in the United States with the struggle for women’s political enfranchisement† (Warhol, 1995). The first wave of feminism in the United States occurred in the 1920’s hen women fought for the right to vote. A proposed constitutional amendment was introduced in every session of Congress form 1878 to 1919, but was defeated each time. Finally, in 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment was added to the Constitution giving women equal pay for equal work, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited job discrimination on the basis of gender. The second wave of feminism arose in the 1960’s with the sexual revolution. This wave of feminism is sometimes referred to as Women’s Liberation. This time the movement involved issues of reproductive rights (such as birth control and abortion) as well as equality in the workplace and female representation in the government. Many believe that this wave of feminism is still in place today. To... Free Essays on A Brief History Of Feminism Free Essays on A Brief History Of Feminism A Brief History of Feminism Feminism is difficult to define because every woman views feminism differently. â€Å"Generally speaking, feminism is a political, social, and cultural stance that is pro-woman† (Warhol, 1995). Feminists believe, among other things, in equal rights, opportunities and paychecks for men and women. Women are just as worthy and valuable as men and feminists want the world to know it. Before the 1920’s, women had virtually no rights. They could not vote, they could not own property and they were treated with little or no respect. Women were expected to stay at home and take care of their husbands and children. If a woman did choose to work outside of her home, there were few jobs to choose from. Most women worked as clerks, nurses, schoolteachers and other traditionally female occupations. Women began to grow very frustrated and they realized that something had to change. â€Å"Historically speaking, feminism has been associated in the United States with the struggle for women’s political enfranchisement† (Warhol, 1995). The first wave of feminism in the United States occurred in the 1920’s hen women fought for the right to vote. A proposed constitutional amendment was introduced in every session of Congress form 1878 to 1919, but was defeated each time. Finally, in 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment was added to the Constitution giving women equal pay for equal work, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited job discrimination on the basis of gender. The second wave of feminism arose in the 1960’s with the sexual revolution. This wave of feminism is sometimes referred to as Women’s Liberation. This time the movement involved issues of reproductive rights (such as birth control and abortion) as well as equality in the workplace and female representation in the government. Many believe that this wave of feminism is still in place today. To...

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 69

History - Essay Example The 1960s movement culture had also force a reconsideration of foreign policy concerning defense of democracy and human rights across countries because of liberals seemed to be blind to human rights abuses and dangers of the Soviet military power. To provide evidence that the 1960s movement had led to the development of neo-conservatism politics and worldwide reconsideration of foreign policy, Boyer (2001) stated that America’s prime interest was mainly commerce and missionary work; however, the growth of the Soviet forces had made America a buffer state which balance great power and ambitions and defend only against external threats (283). America were blind to human abuses as they were linked to the British while supporting the Jews. America believed that containment of Soviet threat is necessary and this led the nationalist or neo-conservative movement to emerge. This movement saw that while America promote different social programs, they are still blind to worldwide human rights abuses because of containment of Soviet threat. Based on the evidences, I assumed that the Soviet force was truly terrifying; if not, why would America will only aim towards containment despite seeing worldwide human rights abuses? I learned that to preserve foreign relations, establishing an ally would help a lot. However, we must see to it that the draft of foreign relations policy will not only support social welfare and defense but will also strengthen democracy and protect human rights across the globe. This must promote equality among all

Analysis Of The Film Farewell My Concubine Essay

Analysis Of The Film Farewell My Concubine - Essay Example The film starts by illustrating how two men, Xiaolou and Dieyi started their professional careers in â€Å"Peking Opera†. The two men used to perform as in masculine and feminine roles. Xiahou's appeared as a man on stage while Dieyi as the woman. The flashback in the film from the stage performance to the Warlords’ era reflects how the two men met and spent the hardships of the time together (Metalluk 2004, IMDb 2011). This melodramatic film portrays the shaping of gender identity under the barriers imposed by the culture and traditions. Many writers and commentators have commented their point of view on the identity performance and development in Farewell My Concubine; however, they failed to comment on the cross-cultural impact and attraction of the film (Cheshire 1992, Tiessier 1993). Moreover, the writers have focused to the anecdotal extent only while explaining the differences related culture, society and sex. Farewell My Concubine has a significant cultural iden tity attached to it. The story of the film covers the Chinese era from 1927 to 1977, which is a combination of warlords’ domination era, invading of Japanese Empire and the revolution in China in terms of culture. The film promotes and develops a particular cultural identity (Bergeson 1997). Apart from this, the film also presents a special kind of masculine feature which is presented as a male-dominated by extreme feminine characteristics. This identity is presented in the role played by Leslie Cheung as â€Å"Dieyi† which is the main character of the film; Concubine. Along with a depressing story of homosexual affection related to identities of masculinity and femininity, the film also presents a tensed situation with respect to the feminine desires as expressed by Dieyi. The film portrays an interesting and complex masculine identity which offers its viewers to observe the differentiating line between masculinity and femininity. Chinese cultural norms do not allow f emales to take part in Opera and henceforth, Dieyi being a man is forced to play the role of a woman along with Xiaolou. This role cum gender conflict is resolved as Dieyi decides to submit his wills and wishes for what is being demanded of him. After adopting the feminine gender on stage, Dieyi finds that he no more wants his masculinity back and learns to admit that â€Å"I am by nature a girl.† Performing along with his counterpart Xiaolou, the friendship relationship between the two turns into a romantic relationship in which Dieyi is seen to be more involved (Bergeson 1997, Metalluk 2004). Concubine’s identity performance is a fascinating seducing role apart from the original character of Dieyi. After Dieyi, the other Concubine which is revealed is in the form of Xiao Si, who is Dieyi’s son. The way in which the film presents femininity through the â€Å"mask of femininity†, allows the emotions of the characters to go beyond their respective roles. T he â€Å"mask of femininity† is in fact presented as incarnating the sexual desire. Beyond the construction of femininity on the social frame of reference, the film’s masking technique displays how femininity is desired more when it is subject to an artificial image.

Imperialism and Colonization Essay Example for Free

Imperialism and Colonization Essay Colonization and imperialism are inherently associated with an economic model that is meant to boost the economy of the colonizing power (herein referred to as benefactor state) by providing target market for manufactured goods and source of raw materials. During the twentieth century most colonies gained independence or autonomy resulting in a disruption of the economic model associated with colonization and imperialism. A current trend is globalization which necessitates a complete reversal of the economic role of states. The role has changed from serving as a market for the benefactor state to manufacturing products using inexpensive labor that are then sold back to the benefactor state. Many states (particularly in Africa) have not been able to adjust to this change and have, thus, been caught between colonization and globalization without strong economic ties to other nations. To minimize conflict within a state and between states, the respective nations must have ties that are strong enough to transcend national boundaries. This is evident when examining global trends such as colonization and globalization which tend to focus nations that would normally be at odds on a common goal. In the case of colonization, natives of occupied territories are inclined to unite against the occupying power. A current trend towards globalization has forced nations to unite because of an increased economic dependence between states. The claim (albeit untrue) that there has never been a war between two countries having McDonalds underscores the importance of economic ties that can transcend national boundaries. A History of Imperialism and Colonization During the height of colonialism, Britain controlled over a quarter of the land and one third of the population. Combined, Britain and eight other European countries controlled approximately 84% of the earth’s surface. (Conklin: 1) What factors allowed Europeans to exert such a strong influence on other parts of the world? More importantly, what were the motivations for subjugating the rest of the world that have made such a profound impact even in the modern world? J. A. Hobson describes the driving force behind olonization as â€Å"the investor who cannot find at home the profitable use he seeks for his capital, and insists that his Government should help him to profitable and secure investments abroad. † (Hobson: 15) On the practical side of colonization, armies are needed and colonization can’t occur until an industrial revolution begins. Industrialization requires cheap labor, a navy, a target market to buy surplus p roducts and raw materials. Without a large enough target audience for selling goods, the industrial revolution would have been stymied and Britain’s economy and industry could not have advanced as rapidly. Essentially, raw materials are shipped out of colonies to the colonizing country, manufactured into a finished product using cheap labor and then sold back to the colonies at profit. (Kollenbroich) Undoubtedly, there are other factors that motivated European powers to colonize; Christianity, national pride and civilizing those perceived as savages to name some. However, there is no denying that most colonies became economically dependent on the colonizing country. This implies that economic reasons, regardless of other motivating factors for colonization, were a driving force in colonization. In fact, the factors such as Christianity, national pride and the mission to civilize would often go hand in hand with the economic motivation and serve to conceal the economic reasons from the general public. (Kollenbroich) M. K. Ghandi agrees with that statement, â€Å"England is a nation of shopkeepers,† (attributed to Napoleon) and goes on to describe how the British, â€Å"hold whatever dominions they have for the sake of their commerce. † (Ghandi: 25) Continuing on the same note, Ghandi explains that the British view the world as a vast market for their goods. According to Ghandi, the British didn’t conquer India per se; rather the acceptance of British commerce, lifestyle and law allowed the British to govern India. For this very reason, Ghandi promotes a lifestyle lacking in machinery. â€Å"What did India do before these articles were introduced? Precisely the same should be done today. † (Ghandi 28-29) In Ghandi’s opinion, removing economic ties to Britain and rest of Europe, India would eventually attain sovereignty. Clearly, the economy plays a vital role in colonization and is a strong motivation by providing raw materials and markets to sell finished goods. The question that begs to be asked is: How were Europeans able to convince or force other parts of the world to accept colonization? The answer has everything to do with image. If natives didn’t believe that the Europeans were superior, revolts would have been much more widespread. In turn, European militaries would have been spread too thin and outnumbered. The key to preventing this lies in creating the illusion for natives that the Europeans are superior in every way and resistance is futile. The style of rule is as important as the fact the Europeans are in control of the colony. Typically the French would use a divide and conquer strategy. They would bring in French administrators and subject the natives to French culture. This was effective because the French often grouped tribes or groups of natives that didn’t get along. Instead of fighting the French, the natives would fight amongst themselves. On the other hand, the British would preserve parts of the local system and choose natives leaders. This was effective for the British because it gave the natives the illusion of a certain level of autonomy while the British remained in control. Kollenbroich) The socio-economic model in most colonies was noticeably lacking a middle class. On one hand there are the natives who are often dirt poor by European standards and on the other hand there are the business and elite classes that are continually sucking profit out of the colonies. This is somewhat true of even Europe because of industrialization which left a large lower class working in the factories fo r minimal wages. The Trend of Globalization The push towards a more global economy has several important consequences. Many states that were once colonizing powers have seen their role shift to that of economic powerhouses with global cities that serve as command and control centers for the economy. (Sassen, 4) In the wake of globalization, an increasing number of firms have centralized their business presence in the downtown areas of global cities and placed numerous factories in foreign states to take advantage of lower labor prices. The placement or acquisition of factories in other states is known as foreign direct investment (FDI). The five major exporters of capital (United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France and Germany) account for 70 percent of FDI (Sassen 11). According to Sassen, â€Å"the growth in FDI has been embedded in the internationalization of production of goods and services. † (Sassen: 10) This is readily evident when considering the number of factories being built in Latin American and Southeast Asian. The semiconductor explosion coupled with other industries choosing to locate in Asia has led to an â€Å"emergence of Southeast Asia as a crucial transnational space for production. (Sassen: 11) Prominent American companies have increasingly moved the manufacturing of products offshore to take advantage of more lax labor laws and significantly lower wages. The transition from colonization to globalization has seen the role of foreign countries move from buying products to creating products cheaply. The economics of intervention has played a more dominant role in foreign policy and will continue to do so in the future. For decades the United States and Soviet Union struggled to see capitalism and communism spread, respectively. The struggle played out both economically and militarily in many countries throughout the world and is important because more often than not decolonized countries would be in need of economic and sometimes military intervention. More recently, the United States and other countries have faced decisions about whether to intervene in situations such as Somalia and other African states. Interventions such as these are often viewed by the much of the public as too little too late and this can be attributed, at least in part, to a lack of economic interest in the conflict. In fact, intervention costs millions and sometimes billions of dollars which, in many politicians’ eyes, is not justified. To make matters worse, politicians are very careful about labeling conflicts as massacres or genocide because as soon as a conflict is labeled as such, it ethically requires intervention. What happens then to a state caught between colonization and globalization that has little or no economical tie to the global economy? If the conflict receives enough attention on the world stage and there is enough bloodshed, then there is a good chance that a peacekeeping force will intervene. However, the chance of intervention in a conflict with little or no bloodshed is much slimmer and may never materialize. Case Study: Zimbabwe According to the International Crisis Group, â€Å"Zimbabwe’s economy is hemorrhaging. † (Zimbabwe: 5) Zimbabwe’s economy has shrunk approximately 25 percent since 1998, inflation is more than 228% percent (Zimbabwe: CIA) and unemployment is higher than 60 percent. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has decreased from 436 million USD in 1998 to 4. 5 million USD. The FDI alone is indicative of an ever increasing gap between today’s global economy and the economy of Zimbabwe. Any economic ties that Zimbabwe has with the rest of the world are slowly wasting away with a decrease in gold production and decreased foreign aid. In fact, reducing hours and production volume is now the norm and has led to a scarcity of basic commodities within the country. To make a poor situation even worse, the government of Zimbabwe has been directing farm seizures that have led to 95 percent of large scale farmers either stopping operations or being severely disrupted. The food production has declined by 40 percent and prompted a United Nations (UN) report that warns of the potential of famine. If predictions hold true, Zimbabwe’s harvests will not be enough to feed the entire population Zimbabwe will be forced to import food. The government has gone as far as deploying army and police units to deal with riots, should they break out. (Zimbabwe) The ruling ZANU-PF party has been systematically eliminating opposition from the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC). The ZANU-PF has been accused of distributing food to party members rather than equally which means that even children of MDC supporters have food withheld. ZANU-PF supporters, civil servants and traditional leaders are blocking MDC supporters from acquiring maize †¦ It is clear that some schemes have been discriminatory for months without the donor being aware. (Zimbabwe: 7) Thus far, the rest of the world has been passive about the happenings in Zimbabwe. In part, this can be attributed to the need to intervene if a country or countries declare a humanitarian crisis in Zimbabwe. As noted earlier the FDI has dramatically declined resulting in essentially no economic ties between Zimbabwe and the rest of the world. More than likely, aid or intervention will not take place without a crisis that places Zimbabwe in the center of the world stage. Zimbabwe is just one former colony of many (in Africa and other parts of the world) that gained independence and left behind the imperialistic economy. Unfortunately, Zimbabwe has stepped out of one economic model and failed to step into the global economy. This is evident in the dramatically decreased FDI and production as well as the lack of intervention from other states. Focus on Former African Colonies World War II left the European powers (with the exception of Portugal) scrambling to leave Africa. As alluded to earlier, colonizing is an expensive business that takes enormous resources and ultimately is profitable for a relatively small number people. Most European colonies in Africa were never as profitable as had been hoped for couldn’t be justified like India and some other colonies. The bad name given to imperialism by Hitler helped accelerate the process in Africa as well as other parts of the world. Due to a lack of economic motivation capable of transcending national boundaries, many former colonies have descended into civil wars and other disputes between nations within the state. As demonstrated with Zimbabwe, this conflict is not necessarily militarily (although this is often the case) carried out and may be something as appalling as withholding food or other basic commodities from a portion of the population. Countless other African states such as Somali, Uganda, Liberia, Sudan, Ethiopia, Rwanda and the Congo have had or continue to have conflicts between nations. Many countries in Africa are lacking a solid economy that isn’t dominated by a single sector such as agriculture.

Sociology :: Sociology Essays

Intro to Sociology When asked about transsexuals, Mildred Brown, author of True Selves quoted that it is a â€Å"dilemma of feeling trapped in the wrong physical gender.† Transsexuality is a phenomenon, which really has not been scientifically examined. Through talk shows such as Jerry Springer, Jenny Jones or the Maury Show, society tends to see a one-sided view on this matter. While watching the Maury Show, â€Å"Man or Woman†, the audience’s reaction to the transsexuals on stage were not of disgust but more of awe. They were in awe that a man could look so much like a woman and how some women showed very masculine features. The guests on this show were inevitably labeled as "freaks" regardless of whether it was verbally spoken or not. The talk show was a brief one. Maury Povich, the host, introduced 12 beautiful women onto the stage. There were two black women, five Hispanic women, and five white women on stage. They all flaunted their flawless bodies. Some were voluptuous; others were more on the thinner side, yet none of them seemed to be any â€Å"different† than any other model/porn star. All the guests on this show were in their mid twenties to their mid thirties. The theme of this show was for the audience to see if they could tell the difference between a man and a woman. Watching the faces in the audience, I noted that each and every one of them were judging all the guests. were 100% men, and some were 100% women. They all stood in a line and for each one, the cross-dressing guests would either prove the audience wrong or right in their judgments. On more than half of the guests, the audience was proven wrong. It was incredible to see some of these guests strut their bodies as the opposite gender. Some of the men looked so much like women that the audience was in complete shock when they revealed their true gender. Now came the interrogation. I call this an interrogation because all these guests are individually put on under the spotlight. Maury Povich digs under their skin to try to expose how â€Å"freakish† they really are. The audience is silent and their faces are wrinkled in confusion to try to understand why the guests are the way they are and who or what made them become like this. The guests sit on their chairs with their head held up high, legs crossed, gloating under all the attention they are receiving.

Ethical Dimension in Religion Essay

Worldview influences the general scope of morality. Morality cannnot sufficiently stand as a separate discipline from religeon. An attempt to separate morality from religeon cannot be entirely successful. Utilitarianism has been the most powerful and ethical system in the modern times exerting influence across the world. It was propagated most eloquently by John Staurt Mill (1806-1873). Its key dimension is to judge moral action by the happiness it produces or the suffering it eliminates while maximizing benefits to the widest possible audience. This idea finds a champion in the scientific humanist who feels that relationships between individuals form the basis for the values an individual should hold. On the other hand, Marxism vouches for collective morality where all actions that lead to the prosperity of the socialist system are considered good and hence morally acceptable. The dominant religions in the world have many similarities pertaining to moral thought and conduct. They include unctions, â€Å"not to steal, not to kill, not to have certain kinds of sexual relations,† (Smart, 2000, p. 107) among others. Most of these rules actually make a tranquil society possible because without them, the society would fall into a state of anarchy, especially if these values are not upheld by a critical mass. It Is also clear that the actual particulars of these standards as expessed in practice are different, driven by different needs and environmental circumstances. Arguably, Islam and Christianity have a wide area of overlap in ethical dimension as expressed both in doctrine and in practice. The first area of considerable ethical compatibility between Christianity and Islam is on the universality of mankind. The central Christian message of love for all humanity places a demand on all practicing Christians to regard human life highly and can explain the vast humanitarian efforts pursued in expression of faith. This explains such sacrifice and devotion to the poor and the sick by well-known persons such as the late mother Teresa of Calcutta. Muslims on the other hand have a religeous duty to give alms to the poor as one of the key pillars of faith, which is an expression of universal brotherhood. Numeous Muslim aid organisations also exist to alleviate poverty and suffering among the disadvantaged in the society. When approached from the standpoint Comparative religious ethics, many similarities are seen in the actual practice of the two faiths. While Christianity does not provide for Holy wars as expressly as Islam, the concept of just wars found its way into Christian thinking and was the key rationalisation behind the crucades. It became an expression of ones faith to pick up arms and fight for the faith during the crusades as compared to the early church position where military service was considered wrong. A comparison of the facets of ethical dimension upheld by Christianity and Islam must include a look at the founders, their philosophy of human relationships, and the duty of man towards creator. Christianity has Christ as its face. He preached love and despite being diety gave himself up to be crucified. He shed nobody’s blood in his entire life but his own blood was shed. As if to immortalize his message prayed for the forgiveness of those who crucified him. He nonetheless taught that he would be coming back, this time not as a graceful redeemer, but as king and Judge. Christianity therefore gets its message of love for all from this picture of Christ. All human life is considered sacred, indeed created in Gods image, and hence in the image of Christ. Christians, in following this pattern are expected to love their enemies and to pray for them. In the area of marriage, a Christian may marry only one wife. Furthermore, it is generally difficult to proceed with divorce as a Christian as Christianity is generally averse to divorce. The Prophet Muhammad is the face of Islam. He was, â€Å"not just a man of God; he was the skillful diplomat, statesman, and general† (Smart, 2000, p. 110). This has influenced Muslim ethics so as to accommodate such concepts as holy war (Jihad) against those who impede the spread of Islam, and it goes further to actually reward those who see to it that such persons are eliminated, complete with insuarance for those who die in the process, being regarded as Holy warriors. Islam advocates for universal brother hood and this is enforced by the giving of alms, which basically raises concern for fellow man. Islam builds on this concept of brotherhood whereby all Muslims consider themselves pilgrims, with none having a superior status before Allah. As Christian cultures have become increasingly westernised, divorce has become more and more acceptable without much conflict with faith. This compares closely with the official Muslim position on divorce. A Christian is required to participate in certain rituals such as baptism and communion as a duty to God, his love for fellow makind notwithstanding. Islam places a similar demand on its adherants where some acts are purely devotional and are considered duty to God, such as pilgrimage to Mecca. It is indeed clear that although the details vary between Islam and Christianity, the practice of the two faiths is strickingly similar and does not differentiate them sufficiently from each other. Bode points out, â€Å"One’s religious being is more than whether or not one is part of some organized religion† (Bode, 1996). References Bode B. A. (2006). Dimensions of Religion: The Ethical Dimension. July 10th 2010, www. quuf. org/sermons/archives/2006-2007/ethical. pdf Smart, N. (2000) . Worldviews, Crosscultural Explorations of Human Beliefs, 3rd Ed,

The Black Death By Louis Sanctus Essay - 1770 Words

The Black Death was a historical epidemic of what is known as bubonic plague. It violently spread across Europe during the years of 1346-53. The Black Death claimed an outrageous number of lives, all caused by a bacterium now named Yersinia pestis. This plague not only stole it s victims lives, but their beliefs as well. In the crisis of such an epidemic people began to lose their faith in God. Turning from the one they used to devote their lives to. If turning from God was not enough the different responses between religions was a catastrophe. The ignorance between the Christians and Muslims of each others beliefs was ultimately a big part of the rapid spread of the Black Death. The original origins of the Black Death has been highly disputed. Many claimed that it started somewhere in the general East. Louis Sanctus was a musician for Giovanni Colonna, a cardinal of Pope Clement VI, who ultimately succumbed to the plague. Sanctus accounts his experience with the plague in a letter sent to his friend in Bruges, with hopes of foreshadowing coming events. Claiming that Greater India in Eastern parts was experiencing unexplainable and horrific events. On the first day it rained frogs, serpens, lizards, scorpions, and many venomous beasts of that sorts. On the second day thunder was heard, and lightning flashes mixed with hailstones of marvelous size fell upon the land, which killed almost all men, from the greatest to the least. On the third day there fell fire together